Taking a podcast moment. Obstetric ultrasound of the renal tract.

Today was all about writing an exam but I took a little time out to record a new podcast on the antenatal ultrasound appearances of the renal tract.  To improve the sound quality I used a trick stolen from my daughter and hid under a quilt to record.  Ruby has now adopted the quilt and I fear that I am not allowed to move my chair to get up as the quilt is partly resting on it!    
I hope you find the podcast useful, it is a brief overview of the embryology, normal sonographic appearance and anomalies of the renal tract.  The reference list and bibliography used in constructing the pod is below.
As always, the pod is designed for development of knowledge base and is based on evidence available at the time of writing.  It does not constitute advice or guidance for practice, please refer to your local protocols and national guidance.  If you become aware of any new evidence which contradicts or develops any of the content, or you wish to discuss any of the points raised, please let me know on twitter @peabodysono or via the blog.
                 
     


References

Avni, F.E., Garel, C., Cassart, M., D'Haene, N., Hall, M. & Riccabona, M. 2012, "Imaging and classification of congenital cystic renal diseases", AJR. American journal of roentgenology, vol. 198, no. 5, pp. 1004-1013. https://www.ajronline.org/doi/full/10.2214/AJR.11.8083 (accessed 4th December 2019)

Bornes, M., Spaggiari, E., Schmitz, T., Dreux, S., Czerkiewicz, I., Delezoide, A., El‐Ghoneimi, A., Oury, J. & Muller, F. 2013, "Outcome and etiologies of fetal megacystis according to the gestational age at diagnosis", Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 1162-1166.

Chiodini, B., Ghassemi, M., Khelif, K. & Ismaili, K. 2019, "Clinical Outcome of Children With Antenatally Diagnosed Hydronephrosis", Frontiers in pediatrics, vol. 7, pp. 103.

Cuckow, P.M., Nyirady, P. & Winyard, P.J.D. 2001, "Normal and abnormal development of the urogenital tract", Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 908-916.

Dias, Tiran, MD (Obs & Gyn), MRCOG (UK), MD-Research (London), Dip (Fetal Med) UK, Sairam, Shanthi, MBBS, MRCOG & Kumarasiri, S., MBBS 2014, "Ultrasound diagnosis of fetal renal abnormalities", Best Practice & Research: Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 403-415.

Fontanella, F., Maggio, L., Verheij, J., Duin, L.K., van Scheltema, P. N. A, Cohen-Overbeek, T., Pajkrt, E., Bekker, M., Willekes, C., Bax, C., Gracchi, V., Oepkes, D. & Bilardo, C.M. 2019, "Fetal megacystis: a lot more than LUTO", Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 779-787.

Friedman, M.A., Aguilar, L., Heyward, Q., Wheeler, C. & Caldamone, A. 2018, "Screening for Mullerian anomalies in patients with unilateral renal agenesis: Leveraging early detection to prevent complications", Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 144-149.

Kang, M., Kim, Y.C., Lee, H., Kim, D.K., Oh, K., Joo, K.W., Kim, Y.S., Chin, H.J. & Han, S.S. 2019, "Renal outcomes in adult patients with horseshoe kidney", Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation.

Liao, A.W., Sebire, N.J., Geerts, L., Cicero, S. & Nicolaides, K.H. 2003, "Megacystis at 10–14 weeks of gestation: chromosomal defects and outcome according to bladder length", Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 338-341.

McPherson, E (2007) 'Renal anomalies in families of individuals with congenital solitary kidney ', Genetics in Medicine, Vol. 9(No. 5), pp. 298 - 302.

Nguyen, H.T., Herndon, C.D.A., Cooper, C., Gatti, J., Kirsch, A., Kokorowski, P., Lee, R., Perez-Brayfield, M., Metcalfe, P., Yerkes, E., Cendron, M. & Campbell, J.B. 2010, "The Society for Fetal Urology consensus statement on the evaluation and management of antenatal hydronephrosis", Journal of Pediatric Urology, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 212-231.

Policiano, C., Djokovic, D., Carvalho, R., Monteiro, C., Melo, M.A. & Graça, L.M. 2015, "Ultrasound antenatal detection of urinary tract anomalies in the last decade: outcome and prognosis", The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 959-963.

Public Health England (2019) National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service, NCARDRS congenital anomaly statistics 2017: tables, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ncardrs-congenital-anomaly-annual-data (Accessed: 4th December 2019).

Public Health England (2019) National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service Congenital anomaly statistics 2017, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ncardrs-congenital-anomaly-annual-data (Accessed: 4th December 2019).

Sairam, S., Al‐Habib, A., Sasson, S. & Thilaganathan, B. 2001, "Natural history of fetal hydronephrosis diagnosed on mid‐trimester ultrasound", Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 191-196.

Yulia, A. & Winyard, P. 2018, "Management of antenatally detected kidney malformations", Early Human Development, vol. 126, pp. 38-46.